What is prima materia?

In the French version, the prima materia ("primary matter, first matter") is a foundational principle of alchemy, though the details differ between editions. The name is taken from real alchemical texts, although the French writers interpret it quite liberally. Furthermore, the word materia in alchemical contexts doesn't simply refer to matter as we understand it, but to the created world (see A dictionary of western alchemy by Jordan Stratford).

The prima materia is the residual Ka present in all material objects, leftover from the original formation of the Earth and the movements of the magic fields. It is the origin of matter. Alchemy operates by acting on this prima materia, activating it and causing the desired magical effect. The alchemical substance generates its own miniature magic field, which resonates with the ambient magic fields of the Earth to produce the spell (so alchemy spells cannot be cast if the appropriate magic field isn't present).

In editions prior to 5th, the goal of alchemy was to refine the prima materia. At the third circle, adepts would create substances composed of pure prima materia. There were five kinds: the Philosopher's Stone, Philosopher's Mercury, Cosmic Egg, Elixir of Life, and Spiritus Mundi. These substances were basically microcosmos themselves, miniature worlds. The goal of the third circle was to take these microcosmos and bring them to the new world of Arkhémia, where they would become new features of the landscape.

In 5th edition, prima materia is now tracked as resource for generating alchemical substances. Objects rich in prima materia (official examples include fine natural pearls, opals, ashes from funeral pyres, gold nuggets, and silver) are placed in the athanor and broken down to collect and refine the prima materia. This is then transformed into the alchemical substances by the corresponding construct: powders in the athanor, vapors in the aludel, metals in the crucible, ambers in the retort, and liquors in the alembic. Each formula requires a certain amount of prima materia of the appropriate Ka(s) to produce the substance containing that spell. The materials of the third circle are now referred to as the alchemical processes.

The prima materia has many names in real alchemy and several adjacent poorly distinguished concepts, like iliaster and ultima materia.

The alchemical term iliaster is a compound of the Greek hyle ("matter") and the Latin astrum ("star"), coined by Paracelsus. It essentially means "cosmic essence" and is considered synonymous with the prima materia. To my knowledge, it wasn't mentioned in the Nephilim rules.

According to some sources (see The modern alchemist: a guide to personal transformation by Richard and Iona Miller, p26-7), during the phase of rubedo ("reddening") the prima materia is transformed into the ultima materia ("final matter"). This is equivalent to the substances created at the Third Circle in Nephilim (also called the Great Work, Red Work and Philosopher's Stone), but to my knowledge the term ultima materia is never used in the game either.

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